Motivational Psychology

Motivation:
need and desire that energized and directs behavior
Instinct Theory:
we are motivated by our inborn automated behaviors
Drive Reduction Theory:
the idea that a physiological need cheated an around tension state that motivated and organism to satisfy the need
Incentives:
pulled by a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivated behaviors
Maslows Hierarchy of Needs:
Abraham Maslow said we are motivated by needs, and all needs are not created equal. We are driven to satisfy lower levels of needs first

Hunger

Hunger is both physiological and psychological
(Washburns studies showed hunger was particularly related to the stomach)
Biological Basis of Hunger:
Hunger does NOT come from your stomach; it comes from your brain.

Brain- The Hypothalamus

Lateral Hypothalamus:
When stimulated, it makes you hungry
Ventromedial Hypothalamus:
When stimulated, you feel full.

Leptin:
a protein produced by bloated fat cells
Set Point:
a theory that states everyone's body has a genetically determined range of weight and temperature that their body will try to maintain to stay at optimal health.
Body Chemistry:

• glucose
• the hormone insulin converts glucose to fat
• when glucose levels drop, hunger increases

Externals: 
people who eating is triggered more by the presence of food than internal factors

Eating Disorders

Bulimia Nervosa:
binging
Anorexia Nervosa:
starving yourself below 85% of your normal body weight; you see yourself as fat
Obesity: severely overweight to the point where it causes health issues

Achievement Motivation

Instinct Motivators: Reward we get internally, such as enjoyment or satisfaction
Extrinsic Motivators: Reward that we get for accomplishments from outside ourselves

Management Theory

Theory X:
Managers believe that employees will work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishments
 Theory Y:
Managers believe that employees are internally motivated to do work and policies should encourage this internal motive

Emotion

James- Lange Theory of Emotions:
experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion arousing stimuli

• We feel emotion because of biological changes caused by stress
• The body changes ad our mind recognize the feeling

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion:
emotion- arousing stimuli simultaneous trigger:

• physiological responses
• subjective experience of emotion

Schachter's Two Factor Theory of Emotion:
to experience emotion you must:

• be physically aroused
• cognitively labeled as aroused

Two- Factor Theory of Emotion:
Biology and Cognition interaction with each other to increase the experience

Lie Detectors: 
machine commonly used to detect lies

Experienced Emotion

Catharsis: 
releasing aggressive energy
Feel Good, Do Good Phenomenon:
people tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
Adaptation Level Phenomenon:
tendency to form judgements relative to a "neutral" level
Relative Deprivations: perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

Social Relations

Prejudice:
an unjustifiable attitude towards a group of people

• Social inequalities is the principal reason behind prejudice

Ingroup:
"us"=- people with whom one shares a common identity
Outgroup:
"them"- those perceived as different than ones ingroup
Ingroup Bias:
tendency to favor ones group

Scapegoat Theory:
theory that prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
Just-World Phenomenon:
the belief that those who suffer deserve their fate
Aggression:
any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
Frustration Aggression Principle:
the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal
Conflict:
a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

Attraction

1. Proximity: Geographic Nearness
2. Mere Exposure Effect: refers to the fact that repeated exposure to the stimulus breeds liking
3. Similarity: "Birds of the same feather do flock together"  -breeds content
4. Reciprocal Liking: You are most like someone that likes you
5. Liking through Associations: Classical conditioning can play a part in attraction

Love
Passionate Love:
an aroused state of INTENSE positive absorption of one another
Compassionate Love:
the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
What makes love work?

• Equity
• Self- Disclosure

Altruism: unselfish regard for the welfare of others
Bystander Effect:
Bystanders less wiling to help if there aren't other bystanders around
Social Exchange Theory:
the idea that our social behaviors is an exchange process which we maximise  benefits and minimize costs.
Peacemaking:
Give people superordinate goals that can only be achieved through cooperation.

Social Psyhology

Social Thinking:
how we think about one another
Fundamental Attribution Error:
The tendency to underestimate the impact of a personal disposition
Attitude:
a belief or feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to something
Foot-In-The-Door Phenomenon
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply to later with a larger request
Door-In-The-Face Phenomenon
the tendency for people to say no to a huge request to comply with a smaller one.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory:
we do not like when we have either conflicting attitudes or when our attitudes do not match our actions

Conformity:
adjusting to one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a groups standard
- Asch's study dealt with conformity
Conditions that strengthen Conformity:

• One is made to feel incompetent
• The group is at least 3 people
• The group is unanimous
• One admires the group status
• One had made no prior commitment
• The person is observed

Reasons Why People Conform:

• \Normative Social Influence: Influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disappointment
• Informational Social Influence: Influence resulting from ones willingness to accept others opinion about reality

Social Facilitation:
improved performance or tasks in the presence of others
Social Loafing:
 the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling efforts towards a common goal than if they were individually accountable
Deindividuation:
the loss of self-awareness and self restraints occurring in group situations that foster
Group Polarization:
the concept that a groups attitude is one of extremes and rarely moderate
Group Think:
the mode of thinking that occurs when desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides common sense
Self Fulfilling Prophecies:
Occurs when one persons belief about others leads one to act in ways that induce the others to appear to conform to the belief